Lawyers at work.Summary

In different countries groups of lawyers are different: in Japan people can take an exam and become attorneys, public prosecutors or judges, while in England people can choose to become barristers, i.e. to work directly in a court, or solicitors – to prepare documents and cases for the court.

The type of work in different professions is different: from working conditions to the payment. Special groups of lawyers can work without or with a little payment.

In order to enter the profession people have to prepare: get a university degree in law, pass the Bar Final examination or the Law Society Final examination and, after graduation, people have to gain some experience: work as an articled clerk or a pupil and be supervised by an experienced lawyer.

After a lawyer gets a certificate, a person is still under control; lawyer is supervised by the Law Society or Solicitor’s Disciplinary Tribunal. During the work lawyers follow ethics and keep all conversations in secret.

Lawyers use a specific language which is known as legalese. Legalese can be only understood by the lawyers. Lawyers are trying to make the language more modern and understandable to the society. Pace of modernizing legal language is very slow.

OTHER RECENT SHOOTINGS AT SCHOOLS.SUMMARY

Starting from 1997 to 2001 there were a lot of violent shootings in the America's schools.

The shooters are mostly 11-18 years old boys from different states of America. Youngsters have committed the crimes because of mental illness, aggression or lack of attention. Some of victims were killed, the others were seriously injured. Shooters were sentenced from 2 to 210 years imprisonment or probation.

The government should take serious actions in order to stop shootings at schools.

COURT SYSTEM IN UK AND LITHUANIA

The UK does not have a single unified judicial system. Her Majesty’s Courts Service administrates the Court of Appeal, the High Court, the Crown Court, the Magistrates Courts and the County Courts.

The Court of Appeal deals only with appeals from other courts. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions: the Civil Division and Criminal Division. Its decisions are binding on all courts apart from the House of Lords.

The High Court consists of three divisions: the Queen's Bench, the Chancery and the Family divisions. The High Court of Justice functions civil and criminal cases.

The Crown Courts deal with criminal matters. The Crown Court hears appeals from Magistrates' Courts.

County Courts deal with civil matters. County Courts are local courts in the sense that each one has an area over which certain kinds of jurisdiction.

The Magistrates Court is the first level of the Queensland Courts system. Most criminal and civil cases are first heard in this court. The Magistrates Court can deal with offences such as traffic infringements, shoplifting or disorderly behaviour, burglary, assault, fraud and drugs.

The House of Lords is the final court of appeal on points of law in civil cases and criminal cases.

In Lithuania court system consists of courts of general jurisdiction and special administrative courts. Courts of general jurisdiction are the Supreme Court of Lithuania, the Court of Appeals of Lithuania, district courts and regional courts. Special administrative courts are the Supreme Administrative Court of Lithuania and regional administrative courts. The Lithuanian courts deal with civil and criminal matters and investigate administrative litigations.

There are some courts which are not a part of the court system: the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania and autonomy courts: the General Meeting of Judges, the Council of Courts and the Judicial Court of Honour.

A district court is first instance for criminal, civil cases and cases of administrative offences.

A regional court is first instance for criminal and civil cases assigned to its jurisdiction by law, and appeal instance for judgments, decisions, rulings and orders of district courts.

The Court of Appeals is appeal instance for the cases heard by regional courts and performs other functions assigned by law.

The Supreme Court of Lithuania reviews effective judgments, decisions, rulings and orders of the courts of general jurisdiction.

Regional administrative courts are courts of special jurisdiction. They hear complaints in respect of administrative acts and acts of commission or omission by entities of public and internal administration.

The Supreme Administrative Court is first and final instance for administrative cases assigned to its jurisdiction by law. It is appeal instance for cases from decisions, rulings and orders of district administrative courts, as well as for cases involving administrative offences from decisions of regional courts.